A device's IP address is a unique identifier that contains information about the location of this device and the degree of its availability for contact with it.
The presence of an IP address for devices is a prerequisite for the exchange of information between them. For a simplified understanding of the term “IP address”, we can draw an analogy with a well-known postal address, which allows delivering a letter or parcel to a strictly defined addressee. A similar process occurs when sending information (messages) from one device to another. In this operation, the role of the postal address is played by the IP address. The abbreviation IP stands for "Internet Protocol" and refers to a set of rules that determine the format of the data we send over the Internet (local area network).
IP address device specifics
The standard IP address that we can see on the network is a set of numbers divided into 4 groups using dots.
192.168.0.1 is the most common IP address for most routers and modems. Many of us have repeatedly entered this combination of characters to enter the modem or router settings menu.
In the above address, we have 4 numbers, each of which is represented as an octet - an eight-digit binary number. Its values can be described in the range from 0000 0000 to 1111 1111. Also, the description can be written in decimal notation and have a range from 0 to 255 (256 values).
In this case, the address range is 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. When counting all possible entries, that is, IP addresses, we get the number 4,294,967,296.
The above record format is called IPv4 and is the standard 32-bit form of an address. Currently, it is the most popular and in demand on the network. However, IPv4 is not the only one possible, there is also a 128-bit standard called IPv6. The number of addresses in this format has such a value that it can provide trillions of addresses for every inhabitant of our planet.
In our description, we will adhere to the IPv4 standard, however, all the rules and principles are quite relevant for IPv6.
Composition of the IP address
A standard IP address is not just a set of numbers, this entry contains information, and structurally it can be divided into two parts:
- host numbers,
- network number.
For example, the familiar 192.168.1.34 address entry contains the following information:
- 192.168.1 — network number,
- 34 is your device (host) number.
By the way, all devices on the same network will start at 192.168.1. If the IP address of the device contains the entry 192.168.2, then it will not be able to contact the previous device (192.168.1). To connect such devices to each other, you will need a separate router that will ensure this task is completed. This router will act as a bridge - data from one network will be able to get through it to another network.
IP address classification
In order to streamline work with IP addresses, they are classified according to the following types.
- Class A - large networks.
- Class B - medium networks.
- Class C - small networks.
- Class D - reserved addresses of the format 127.0.0.0 (localhost).
- Class E - reserved addresses in the format 192.168.X.X. (ID of modems and routers).
Despite the seemingly huge number of available IP addresses, there is a dearth of them compared to the number of devices (hosts) on the network. This problem led to the transition to the active use of IP-addresses of the IPv6 standard in the work of Internet providers. However, if an address in IPv4 format is easily converted to IPv6, then it is no longer possible to convert it back to IPv4.
Given that not all providers have transferred their subscribers from the IPv4 format to the IPv6 format, there is a dominance of both addresses in the network. The problem with this combined use of different standards is their incompatibility, and to solve it, a special algorithm called "tunneling" is used. It consists in creating a special channel through which devices with different IP address standards can exchange information.
Knowing the features of the IP address device is a prerequisite if you need to independently design networks, as well as when solving a number of other tasks related to setting up the Internet and local networks.